Assessing producer protection helps gauge price differentials and their impact on agricultural markets, providing valuable insights for policy formulation and market analysis. Producer protection refers to the comparison between the average price received by farmers, considering net payments per unit of output, and the border price at the farm level. A coefficient above 1.00 indicates that farmers received prices higher than international market levels, while a coefficient below 1.00 suggests lower prices. This indicator, known as the Producer Nominal Protection Coefficient, measures the extent of price distortions and is calculated as the ratio of farm price to the reference price at the border.

The productivity of crop cultivation relies on the availability of suitable farmland and can be influenced by various factors, including yields, macroeconomic uncertainties, and consumption patterns. These factors also play a significant role in determining the prices of agricultural commodities. The significance of crop production is closely tied to the extent of harvested areas, the amount of output per unit of land (yields), and the overall quantities produced. Crop yields refer to the quantity of harvested products obtained from a specific area of land dedicated to crops. In most cases, yield data is not directly recorded but can be derived by dividing the production data by the corresponding information on the area under cultivation. The actual yield achieved on a farm is influenced by several factors, including the inherent genetic potential of the crop, the availability of sunlight, water, and nutrients absorbed by the plants, and the presence of weeds and pests. This measurement is applicable to wheat, maize, rice, and soybean crops. Crop production is typically measured in terms of metric tonnes per hectare, as well as in thousands of hectares and metric tonnes.

The concept of agricultural land encompasses arable land, permanent crops, and permanent pastures used for farming and forage purposes. It includes different types of land use and excludes certain categories. Measurements are provided in hectares and percentage, with additional indicators for organic and transgenic farming. Agricultural land refers to a specific type of land that serves various agricultural purposes. It encompasses three main categories: arable land, permanent crops, and permanent pastures. Arable land includes areas used for temporary crops like cereals, meadows for mowing or pasture, market or kitchen gardens, and temporarily fallow land. Land that has been abandoned due to shifting cultivation is not considered in this definition. Permanent crops refer to cultivated areas where crops grow for extended periods without the need for replanting, such as orchards and vineyards. It's important to note that land used for trees grown specifically for wood or timber is excluded from this category. Overall, this content serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and individuals interested in agriculture.

Nutrient balances play a crucial role in assessing environmental impacts. A negative value indicates declining soil fertility, while a positive value signals the risk of soil, water, and air pollution. The nutrient balance is calculated by comparing nutrient inputs (such as livestock manure and fertilizers) with outputs (the uptake of nutrients for crop and pasture production). Nutrient inputs are vital for maintaining and increasing crop and forage productivity. However, an excessive accumulation of surplus nutrients beyond immediate needs can result in nutrient losses. This not only affects farmers' nutrient efficiency but also poses environmental risks, including water and air pollution like ammonia or greenhouse gas emissions. This indicator focuses on nitrogen and phosphorus, measured in tonnes and kilograms per hectare of agricultural land.