Assessing producer protection helps gauge price differentials and their impact on agricultural markets, providing valuable insights for policy formulation and market analysis. Producer protection refers to the comparison between the average price received by farmers, considering net payments per unit of output, and the border price at the farm level. A coefficient above 1.00 indicates that farmers received prices higher than international market levels, while a coefficient below 1.00 suggests lower prices. This indicator, known as the Producer Nominal Protection Coefficient, measures the extent of price distortions and is calculated as the ratio of farm price to the reference price at the border.

The indicator encompasses various measures of agricultural support, including the total support estimate (TSE), producer support estimate (PSE), consumer support estimate (CSE), and general services support estimate (GSSE). These measures are expressed as percentages of GDP, gross farm receipts, agricultural consumption, and total support. Additionally, agricultural support is quantified in monetary terms (USD and EUR). TSE transfers represent the overall support granted to the agricultural sector, comprising PSE, CSE, and GSSE. PSE transfers are measured at the farm gate level and include market price support, budgetary payments, and foregone revenue. CSE transfers, when negative, indicate a burden on consumers through market price support, while positive values imply consumer subsidies. GSSE transfers focus on enabling conditions for the primary agricultural sector without individual producer payments. These transfers do not directly impact producer receipts, costs, or consumption expenditure. In summary, agricultural support refers to the monetary value of transfers from consumers and taxpayers to agriculture, driven by government policies. It encompasses a range of measures, regardless of their objectives and economic effects.

The concept of agricultural land encompasses arable land, permanent crops, and permanent pastures used for farming and forage purposes. It includes different types of land use and excludes certain categories. Measurements are provided in hectares and percentage, with additional indicators for organic and transgenic farming. Agricultural land refers to a specific type of land that serves various agricultural purposes. It encompasses three main categories: arable land, permanent crops, and permanent pastures. Arable land includes areas used for temporary crops like cereals, meadows for mowing or pasture, market or kitchen gardens, and temporarily fallow land. Land that has been abandoned due to shifting cultivation is not considered in this definition. Permanent crops refer to cultivated areas where crops grow for extended periods without the need for replanting, such as orchards and vineyards. It's important to note that land used for trees grown specifically for wood or timber is excluded from this category. Overall, this content serves as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and individuals interested in agriculture.

The productivity of crop cultivation relies on the availability of suitable farmland and can be influenced by various factors, including yields, macroeconomic uncertainties, and consumption patterns. These factors also play a significant role in determining the prices of agricultural commodities. The significance of crop production is closely tied to the extent of harvested areas, the amount of output per unit of land (yields), and the overall quantities produced. Crop yields refer to the quantity of harvested products obtained from a specific area of land dedicated to crops. In most cases, yield data is not directly recorded but can be derived by dividing the production data by the corresponding information on the area under cultivation. The actual yield achieved on a farm is influenced by several factors, including the inherent genetic potential of the crop, the availability of sunlight, water, and nutrients absorbed by the plants, and the presence of weeds and pests. This measurement is applicable to wheat, maize, rice, and soybean crops. Crop production is typically measured in terms of metric tonnes per hectare, as well as in thousands of hectares and metric tonnes.